Muhammadu Buhari, a figure whose stern gaze and unyielding resolve once defined Nigeria’s political landscape, passed away on Sunday, July 13, 2025, at the age of 82. The former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria died in a London clinic at approximately 4:30 PM (15:30 GMT), following a prolonged and undisclosed illness that had seen him make numerous trips abroad for medical attention.
The solemn announcement was made by the Presidency, through a statement from President Bola Tinubu’s Special Adviser on Information and Strategy, Bayo Onanuga. President Tinubu has since conveyed his deepest condolences to the former First Lady, Mrs. Aisha Buhari, and has directed Vice-President Kashim Shettima to oversee the return of the late former President’s body to Nigeria for burial.
In a mark of profound national respect, President Tinubu has ordered all national flags across Nigeria to be flown at half-mast for a period of seven days, signaling a period of national mourning that has gripped the country.
While the exact nature of his ailment was never officially disclosed, sources close to the family and his medical team indicated that Buhari had been battling leukaemia, a type of blood cancer, for an extended period. His frequent medical trips to the United Kingdom had long been a subject of public discussion, drawing both sympathy and criticism regarding transparency and leadership during his absences.
A Life Etched in Nigeria’s History
Born on December 17, 1942, in Daura, Katsina State, Muhammadu Buhari’s journey was deeply intertwined with Nigeria’s post-independence story. His military career saw him rise through the ranks, culminating in his seizure of power on December 31, 1983, when he became Nigeria’s Military Head of State. His 20-month rule (1984-1985) was marked by the “War Against Indiscipline” – a rigorous campaign aimed at instilling order and combating corruption, which, while applauded by some for its decisive actions, also drew condemnation for its perceived authoritarianism and human rights issues.
After being overthrown in a military coup in August 1985 and subsequently detained, Buhari largely remained out of the direct political spotlight for many years. However, his unyielding commitment to public service eventually drew him back into the democratic arena. He contested the presidential elections unsuccessfully three times in 2003, 2007, and 2011, before his historic fourth attempt.
The Democratic Comeback: Promises and Realities
In 2015, Buhari achieved a landmark victory, becoming the first opposition candidate to defeat an incumbent president in Nigeria’s democratic history. Riding on a wave of popular discontent with corruption and insecurity, his campaign promises resonated deeply. He secured re-election in 2019, serving two full terms until May 2023.
During his eight years at Aso Rock, President Buhari’s administration focused intensely on three core areas:
- Anti-Corruption: His government pushed for increased financial transparency, most notably through the full implementation of theTreasury Single Account (TSA), which significantly consolidated government revenues. Efforts were also made to recover stolen national assets, including notable repatriations of theAbacha loot from abroad. While these actions were seen as critical steps, critics often questioned the pace of prosecutions and the perceived selectivity of the anti-corruption drive.
- Infrastructure Development: This was arguably the most tangible legacy of his administration. Major projects completed or significantly advanced included theAbuja-Kaduna and Lagos-Ibadan Standard Gauge Railway lines, vastly improving transportation. The long-awaited Second Niger Bridge was also completed and commissioned under his watch, alongside extensive road construction and rehabilitation across the country. These projects are widely regarded as vital investments for Nigeria’s future economic growth.
- Security Challenges: While his government recorded successes in reclaiming territories from Boko Haram in the North-East, the security landscape diversified and intensified during his tenure. The rise of sophisticatedbanditry and mass kidnappings became a grave concern, particularly in the North-West and North-Central regions. Persistent farmer-herder clashes also escalated, leading to significant loss of life and displacement. The#EndSARS protests of October 2020, a nationwide youth movement against police brutality, further highlighted the deep-seated public discontent over security and governance.
Economically, Buhari’s presidency navigated two recessions – in 2016 and 2020 – brought on by global oil price crashes and the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts were made to diversify the economy, particularly through agricultural initiatives like the Presidential Fertiliser Initiative, aimed at boosting local food production. However, rising inflation and the depreciation of the Naira remained significant challenges for ordinary Nigerians.
A Complex Legacy of Service and Scrutiny
Muhammadu Buhari’s departure from the world stage leaves a complex and often contradictory legacy. To his ardent supporters, he was a man of unwavering integrity, a disciplined leader who genuinely sought to cleanse the nation of corruption and lay a foundation for future development. They point to his commitment to public service, his personal austerity, and his steadfast focus on building critical infrastructure as enduring achievements.
Conversely, his critics often highlight the economic hardships experienced during his time, the escalating national debt, and the evolving nature of insecurity that seemed to outpace governmental responses. Concerns were also raised about his administration’s communication style, perceived authoritarian tendencies, and a perceived detachment from the populace’s immediate struggles.
“His integrity was never in doubt, but governance is more than just personal rectitude,” commented Dr. Amina Bello, a political analyst in Abuja. “The impact on daily lives, the response to crises, and the fostering of national unity will define how history truly views his time.”
Despite the debates, there is a consensus that Buhari’s influence on Nigeria’s political trajectory is undeniable. From his decisive military rule to his persistent pursuit of the presidency as a civilian, he carved out a unique place in the nation’s narrative.
National Mourning and Global Tributes
As news of his passing reverberated across Nigeria, an outpouring of tributes began. President Bola Tinubu, in his official statement, described Buhari as “a patriot, a soldier, a statesman… to the very core,” acknowledging his immense contributions to the nation. Senior government officials, former leaders, state governors, and prominent figures from various sectors have expressed their condolences, reflecting the deep impact he had on the country.
Beyond Nigeria’s borders, international leaders and organizations also began to offer their sympathies, recognizing Buhari’s role in West African regional stability and his contributions on the global stage.
Funeral arrangements, in accordance with Islamic rites, are being finalized. Initial reports suggest his body is expected to arrive in Katsina by Tuesday afternoon, with burial scheduled to take place in his hometown of Daura later that day. Vice-President Kashim Shettima is reportedly in London to accompany the remains back to Nigeria.
Muhammadu Buhari is survived by his wife, Aisha Buhari, and his children. His death closes a significant chapter in Nigeria’s history, prompting the nation to reflect on the life of a man who, for good or ill, left an indelible mark on the destiny of Africa’s most populous nation.
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